- Domain
- Critical Technology · Hard Power
- Identifier
- factbase.org/cpg/5086TTJV27
- Capabilities
- 3
Bounds. Holds AI technology as national capacity. The compute it trains on sits with Semiconductors & Advanced Computing, the data-centre estate with Strategic Infrastructure, the skills base with Human Capital, diffusion through the economy at this group's deploy layer with economic outcomes in the economic domains, and military employment with National Security, where AI registers as a means. Regulation and international rules belong to the governance domain, with the evaluation capacity that informs them held here.
The 3 capabilities
China 21%
India 22%The capabilities compared
Papers and patent families, 2020–2024, with growth on the five years before and the leading nation in each.
| Capability | Papers | Growth | Research leader | Families | Growth | Patent leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Machine Learning & Foundation Models | 680k | +268% | China 21% | 506.7k | +420% | China 75% |
| Applied AI & Advanced Analytics | 45.5k | +89% | India 22% | 916k | +207% | China 79% |
| AI Safety, Security & Evaluation | 32.2k | +750% | China 30% | 2.3k | +167% | China 45% |
Who publishes it
Papers by year for each capability, and the nations' shares of the group's papers, 2020–2024. A capability that shares a v0.0 topic with another counts it in both.
- 1China15.4%116,847 papers
- 2United States10.3%78,194 papers
- 3India9.9%75,023 papers
- 4United Kingdom3.0%22,674 papers
- 5Germany2.2%16,300 papers
- 6Canada1.7%13,233 papers
- 7Indonesia1.6%12,177 papers
- 8Australia1.6%11,841 papers
- 9South Korea1.5%11,306 papers
- 10Italy1.4%10,676 papers
Who patents it
Patent families by priority year for each capability, and the origin nations' shares of the group's families, 2020–2024. A family in two capabilities' classes counts in both.
- 1China77.4%1,103,488 families
- 2United States7.6%107,795 families
- 3South Korea7.0%99,713 families
- 4Japan3.1%43,936 families
- 5Germany1.2%16,961 families
- 6Taiwan0.5%7,808 families
- 7France0.4%5,116 families
- 8Canada0.3%4,498 families
- 9India0.3%3,929 families
- 10United Kingdom0.3%3,885 families
Who makes it
The companies across the group's capabilities, the global leaders and the leading firms of every region.
107 companies in Artificial Intelligence, from 25 nations across 8 regions; the leading 25 below. Sorted by how experts see each company's global relevance in its strongest capability of the group, from very high to very low.
- Very high8 companies
- 1Very highSoftware & platformsRedmondUnited States1975228kMSFT
Runs Azure AI Foundry, Microsoft 365 Copilot, Fabric and Power BI, the largest enterprise channel for deploying AI and analytics, and is a top international AI patent filer.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
Very high relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Redmond · founded 1975 · 228k staff
- 2Very highSoftware & platformsSan FranciscoUnited States2015–Private
Developer of the GPT and o-series frontier models and ChatGPT, the most widely used general-purpose foundation model product.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
Very high relevance · Software & platforms · United States, San Francisco · founded 2015
- 3Very highSoftware & platformsMountain ViewUnited States1998183kGOOGL
Google DeepMind builds the Gemini frontier model family and scientific models such as AlphaFold, trained on Google's own TPU infrastructure.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
Very high relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Mountain View · founded 1998 · 183k staff
- 4Very highSoftware & platformsSan FranciscoUnited States2021–Private
Frontier lab built around alignment and interpretability research; it runs a Responsible Scaling Policy with capability-threshold evaluations and open-sourced evaluation tooling.
In AI Safety, Security & Evaluation
Very high relevance · Software & platforms · United States, San Francisco · founded 2021
- 5Very highOperations & infrastructureSeattle, WashingtonUnited States19941.6mAMZN
AWS offers SageMaker, Bedrock and Redshift, the most widely used cloud platform for building and running applied AI and analytics workloads.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
Very high relevance · Operations & infrastructure · United States, Seattle, Washington · founded 1994 · 1.6m staff
- 6Very highSoftware & platformsDenverUnited States20033,936PLTR
Its Foundry, Gotham and AIP platforms put data integration and AI decision-making into government, defence and industry operations.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
Very high relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Denver · founded 2003 · 3,936 staff
- 7Very highDesignSanta ClaraUnited States199336kNVDA
Supplies most of the GPUs and the CUDA software stack used to train foundation models worldwide, and publishes its own Nemotron models.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
Very high relevance · Design · United States, Santa Clara · founded 1993 · 36k staff
- 8Very highSoftware & platformsHangzhouChina2023–Private
Developer of the open-weight DeepSeek-V3 and R1 models, which reached near-frontier performance at low training cost; backed by the hedge fund High-Flyer.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
Very high relevance · Software & platforms · China, Hangzhou · founded 2023
- High17 companies
- 9HighSoftware & platformsMenlo ParkUnited States200474kMETA
Releases the open-weight Llama model family and runs FAIR and Meta Superintelligence Labs, plus PyTorch, the dominant ML framework.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Menlo Park · founded 2004 · 74k staff
- 10HighSoftware & platformsArmonkUnited States1911270kIBM
Sells the watsonx AI and data platform and its consulting arm runs large enterprise AI and analytics deployments.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Armonk · founded 1911 · 270k staff
- 11HighProfessional & data servicesSan FranciscoUnited States2016–Private
Its SEAL research lab runs leaderboards and red-teaming and evaluation services for frontier labs and US government (Meta took a 49% stake in 2025).
In AI Safety, Security & Evaluation
High relevance · Professional & data services · United States, San Francisco · founded 2016
- 12HighProfessional & data servicesDublinIreland1989779kACN
The largest IT services and consulting firm by revenue, with tens of thousands of data and AI practitioners deploying AI for enterprises and governments.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
High relevance · Professional & data services · Ireland, Dublin · founded 1989 · 779k staff
- 13HighOperations & infrastructureHangzhouChina1999124kBABA
Builds the Qwen model family, one of the most widely used open-weight model families globally, and runs China's largest AI cloud.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
High relevance · Operations & infrastructure · China, Hangzhou · founded 1999 · 124k staff
- 14HighSoftware & platformsSan FranciscoUnited States2013–Private
Its Data Intelligence Platform (lakehouse, Mosaic AI) is a leading enterprise platform for large-scale analytics and machine learning.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, San Francisco · founded 2013
- 15HighSoftware & platformsSanta ClaraUnited States200515kPANW
Bought Protect AI in 2025 and folded its model scanning and LLM red-teaming into the Prisma AIRS AI-security platform.
In AI Safety, Security & Evaluation
High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Santa Clara · founded 2005 · 15k staff
- 16HighSoftware & platformsSan FranciscoUnited States199976kCRM
Builds AI into enterprise CRM through Agentforce and Einstein, and analytics through Tableau.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, San Francisco · founded 1999 · 76k staff
- 17HighSoftware & platformsPalo AltoUnited States2023–Private
Develops the Grok frontier models, trained on its Colossus supercomputer in Memphis; merged into SpaceX in 2026.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Palo Alto · founded 2023
- 18HighSoftware & platformsBeijingChina2012–Private
Its Seed team builds the Doubao models behind China's most used consumer chatbot, and it is among China's largest buyers of AI compute.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
High relevance · Software & platforms · China, Beijing · founded 2012
- 19HighSoftware & platformsParisFrance2023––
Europe's leading frontier model developer, producing open and commercial models (Mistral Large, Magistral, Codestral); ASML is a major investor.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
High relevance · Software & platforms · France, Paris · founded 2023
- 20HighSoftware & platformsAustinUnited States1977162kORCL
Puts AI and analytics into its databases, Fusion applications and OCI cloud services used by enterprises and governments.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Austin · founded 1977 · 162k staff
- 21HighSoftware & platformsWalldorfGermany1972–SAP
The leading enterprise software vendor, offering Business AI (Joule), Business Data Cloud and Analytics Cloud on top of ERP data.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
High relevance · Software & platforms · Germany, Walldorf · founded 1972
- 22HighProfessional & data servicesLondonUnited Kingdom2023––
An evaluation organisation focused on deceptive alignment and scheming, contracted for pre-deployment evaluations of OpenAI and Anthropic frontier models.
In AI Safety, Security & Evaluation
High relevance · Professional & data services · United Kingdom, London · founded 2023
- 23HighSoftware & platformsBeijingChina2023––
Creator of the Kimi assistant and the open-weight Kimi K2 trillion-parameter mixture-of-experts models.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
High relevance · Software & platforms · China, Beijing · founded 2023
- 24HighSoftware & platformsBeijingChina2019–2513
A Tsinghua spin-out that builds the GLM model family and listed in Hong Kong in January 2026.
In Machine Learning & Foundation Models
High relevance · Software & platforms · China, Beijing · founded 2019
- 25HighSoftware & platformsBozemanUnited States20127,834SNOW
Runs the AI Data Cloud, a major cloud data warehouse and analytics platform with the Cortex AI services.
In Applied AI & Advanced Analytics
High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Bozeman · founded 2012 · 7,834 staff
