The capability groups of the framework and the capabilities in each. Papers and patent families are for 2020–2024.
3 capabilities · 757.7k papers · 1.4m patent families
The capacity to build, apply and govern artificial intelligence: the models, their application across the economy and the state, and the safety, security and evaluation capacity that makes them usable.
Artificial Intelligence →6 capabilities · 64.2k papers · 451.5k patent families
The capacity to design, fabricate, tool, package and compute: the semiconductor value chain end to end, and the high-performance and AI computing built on it.
4 capabilities · 102.4k papers · 18.5k patent families
The capacity to command the second quantum revolution: computation, communication, sensing and metrology, and the cryptography that survives it.
Quantum Technologies →4 capabilities · 182.8k papers · 308.5k patent families
The capacity to build machines that act: robotics, the autonomy that directs them, uncrewed and collaborative systems at scale, and the interfaces that join humans to machines.
5 capabilities · 242.9k papers · 445.6k patent families
The capacity to develop and command the technologies that store, carry and generate energy, and to direct energy as effect, from storage chemistry and sustainable fuels to advanced nuclear, fusion and directed energy.
5 capabilities · 152.3k papers · 445.3k patent families
The capacity to read, write, make and deploy biology: genomics and biological data, engineering biology, biomanufacturing, radioisotope medicine, and the therapeutics and countermeasures that protect the population.
5 capabilities · 104.4k papers · 785.1k patent families
The capacity to carry, secure and trust information: the optical and wireless frontier, the networks that survive infrastructure loss, the technologies that defend systems and data, and the technologies that establish digital trust.
5 capabilities · 125.8k papers · 188.1k patent families
The capacity to know where, when and what: precision timing, navigation that survives denial, and the imaging, radio and acoustic sensing that perceive the world across every medium.
3 capabilities · 5.8k papers · 35.3k patent families
The capacity to master the technologies of reach, speed and presence beyond the atmosphere: launch and reusability, advanced propulsion through hypersonic flight, and the satellite and constellation technologies that put systems on orbit.
7 capabilities · 328.6k papers · 287.7k patent families
The capacity to design, make and scale the materials and manufacturing processes on which advanced industry and defence depend, from structural composites to energetic chemistry and the additive, precision and process technologies that turn matter into product.
Each capability with its papers and patent families, how fast each is growing and the nation that leads it.
The capacity to build, apply and govern artificial intelligence: the models, their application across the economy and the state, and the safety, security and evaluation capacity that makes them usable.
The capacity to design, fabricate, tool, package and compute: the semiconductor value chain end to end, and the high-performance and AI computing built on it.
The capacity to command the second quantum revolution: computation, communication, sensing and metrology, and the cryptography that survives it.
The capacity to build machines that act: robotics, the autonomy that directs them, uncrewed and collaborative systems at scale, and the interfaces that join humans to machines.
The capacity to develop and command the technologies that store, carry and generate energy, and to direct energy as effect, from storage chemistry and sustainable fuels to advanced nuclear, fusion and directed energy.
The capacity to read, write, make and deploy biology: genomics and biological data, engineering biology, biomanufacturing, radioisotope medicine, and the therapeutics and countermeasures that protect the population.
The capacity to carry, secure and trust information: the optical and wireless frontier, the networks that survive infrastructure loss, the technologies that defend systems and data, and the technologies that establish digital trust.
The capacity to know where, when and what: precision timing, navigation that survives denial, and the imaging, radio and acoustic sensing that perceive the world across every medium.
The capacity to master the technologies of reach, speed and presence beyond the atmosphere: launch and reusability, advanced propulsion through hypersonic flight, and the satellite and constellation technologies that put systems on orbit.
The capacity to design, make and scale the materials and manufacturing processes on which advanced industry and defence depend, from structural composites to energetic chemistry and the additive, precision and process technologies that turn matter into product.
Each capability is read across research, patents and companies: who discovers the technology, who protects the inventions and who makes and supplies it.
Research
2.1m
papers, 2020–2024, across 44 of the 47 capabilities, with each nation's share and the leading institutions.
Research by capability →
Patents
4.4m
patent families, 2020–2024, across all 47 capabilities, by origin nation, applicant and classification.
Patents by capability →
Companies
1,610
companies across 47 capabilities, the global leaders and each region's own, with home nation and role in the value chain.
The companies table →
The capacity to discover, make, deploy and control the technologies on which security and prosperity now depend, held as national capacity across ten technology families rather than as a catalogue of research fields.
Hard Power · Critical Technology · 10 capability groups · 47 capabilities · 135 indicators · factbase.org/dom/C1RYM55Q2M
Critical Technology holds technology as national capacity under one corollary of the framework's rule: a technology is not a capability, the capability is the capacity to discover, make, deploy and control it, and every capability in the domain is read across those four layers at the indicator level, research strength, frontier production, adoption and diffusion, and supply-chain position and leverage, in that order. Platform and device classes are asset classes and register at the indicator layer. The seams: physical plant, fabrication facilities, laboratories, data and computing centres, launch complexes, reactors and production works, belongs to Strategic Infrastructure, with the process technology and know-how held here; operational employment, cyber and electromagnetic operations, missile and counter-uncrewed defence, the military use of autonomy and space, belongs to National Security, with the technology base held here; the people, the research workforce, digital and AI skills and doctoral training, belong to Human Capital, whose Knowledge Production holds the aggregate research enterprise while this domain reads position within named technology families, the same evidence under two lenses without duplication; commercialisation, industrial scale-up and trade in technology goods belong to the economic domains, with the deploy layer here reading diffusion rather than revenue; and export controls, investment screening and research-security machinery belong to governance, as instruments, with the leverage they exercise recorded here at the control layer. Excluded by design: policy instruments themselves, which are levers on capability rather than capability, and intent, since the domain records dual-use capacity as capacity, with employment classified where it occurs.
The capacity to build, apply and govern artificial intelligence: the models, their application across the economy and the state, and the safety, security and evaluation capacity that makes them usable.
The capacity to design, fabricate, tool, package and compute: the semiconductor value chain end to end, and the high-performance and AI computing built on it.
The capacity to command the second quantum revolution: computation, communication, sensing and metrology, and the cryptography that survives it.
The capacity to build machines that act: robotics, the autonomy that directs them, uncrewed and collaborative systems at scale, and the interfaces that join humans to machines.
The capacity to develop and command the technologies that store, carry and generate energy, and to direct energy as effect, from storage chemistry and sustainable fuels to advanced nuclear, fusion and directed energy.
The capacity to read, write, make and deploy biology: genomics and biological data, engineering biology, biomanufacturing, radioisotope medicine, and the therapeutics and countermeasures that protect the population.
The capacity to carry, secure and trust information: the optical and wireless frontier, the networks that survive infrastructure loss, the technologies that defend systems and data, and the technologies that establish digital trust.
The capacity to know where, when and what: precision timing, navigation that survives denial, and the imaging, radio and acoustic sensing that perceive the world across every medium.
The capacity to master the technologies of reach, speed and presence beyond the atmosphere: launch and reusability, advanced propulsion through hypersonic flight, and the satellite and constellation technologies that put systems on orbit.
The capacity to design, make and scale the materials and manufacturing processes on which advanced industry and defence depend, from structural composites to energetic chemistry and the additive, precision and process technologies that turn matter into product.
China leads research
India leads research
United States leads research