GINC Technology
Capability group

Energy Technologies

The capacity to develop and command the technologies that store, carry and generate energy, and to direct energy as effect, from storage chemistry and sustainable fuels to advanced nuclear, fusion and directed energy.

Domain
Critical Technology · Hard Power
Identifier
factbase.org/cpg/Q1GEY8591R
Capabilities
5

Bounds. Holds energy technology as national capacity; the operating fleet, grids, plants, storage installations and fuel systems, belongs to Strategic Infrastructure's Energy Infrastructure, and energy markets and transition economics to the economic domains. The seam is technology versus installed system: a storage chemistry is held here, a grid-scale storage fleet there.

Capabilities

The 5 capabilities

Batteries & Energy StorageM079CQ720PThe capacity to develop and produce electrochemical and electrical energy storage, cell chemistries, capacitive storage and the manufacturing technology behind them, at the frontier of density, safety and cost.Research138.4k papers +67%China 40%Patents260.4k families +83%China 61%Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels51GDXAG414The capacity to produce, carry and use hydrogen, ammonia and sustainable fuels, electrolysis, synthesis, storage and end use, as energy carriers at national scale.Research62.2k papers +30%China 18%Patents94.8k families +94%China 58%Next-Generation Solar & RenewablesDYT5KB3F1ZThe capacity to advance next-generation solar and renewable generation technology, new cell architectures, conversion frontiers and the manufacturing processes that set cost and efficiency.Research30.8k papers +8%China 23%Patents71.9k families +29%China 73%Advanced Nuclear & Fusion00BV57J50XThe capacity to design, build and fuel advanced nuclear systems, next-generation and small modular reactors, fusion, and the fuel-cycle and waste technologies that sustain them.Research9.2k papers −10%China 18%Patents16.4k families +36%China 63%Directed Energy Technologies6ETBWPAY0DThe capacity to master directed energy, high-energy lasers, high-power microwaves and the beam control, power and thermal technologies behind them.Research2.4k papers +18%United States 18%Patents2k families +17%China 49%

The capabilities compared

Papers and patent families, 2020–2024, with growth on the five years before and the leading nation in each.

CapabilityPapersGrowthResearch leaderFamiliesGrowthPatent leader
Batteries & Energy Storage138.4k+67%China 40%260.4k+83%China 61%
Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels62.2k+30%China 18%94.8k+94%China 58%
Next-Generation Solar & Renewables30.8k+8%China 23%71.9k+29%China 73%
Advanced Nuclear & Fusion9.2k−10%China 18%16.4k+36%China 63%
Directed Energy Technologies2.4k+18%United States 18%2k+17%China 49%
Research

Who publishes it

Papers by year for each capability, and the nations' shares of the group's papers, 2020–2024. A capability that shares a v0.0 topic with another counts it in both.

  1. 1China29.5%71,542 papers
  2. 2United States8.6%20,957 papers
  3. 3India7.3%17,618 papers
  4. 4South Korea4.3%10,418 papers
  5. 5Germany3.6%8,825 papers
  6. 6United Kingdom2.9%7,057 papers
  7. 7Japan2.5%5,987 papers
  8. 8Australia2.0%4,958 papers
  9. 9Italy1.5%3,596 papers
  10. 10Canada1.4%3,490 papers
Patents

Who patents it

Patent families by priority year for each capability, and the origin nations' shares of the group's families, 2020–2024. A family in two capabilities' classes counts in both.

  1. 1China62.3%277,441 families
  2. 2South Korea13.0%57,894 families
  3. 3Japan9.8%43,559 families
  4. 4United States4.4%19,774 families
  5. 5Germany4.0%18,004 families
  6. 6France1.2%5,269 families
  7. 7Taiwan0.6%2,539 families
  8. 8United Kingdom0.6%2,517 families
  9. 9Denmark0.5%2,082 families
  10. 10Italy0.3%1,447 families
Companies

Who makes it

The companies across the group's capabilities, the global leaders and the leading firms of every region.

234 companies in Energy Technologies, from 43 nations across 8 regions; the leading 25 below. Sorted by how experts see each company's global relevance in its strongest capability of the group, from very high to very low.

  1. Very high23 companies
  2. 1

    FranceAir Liquide

    One of the world's largest hydrogen producers and distributors, it runs the 20 MW Bécancour PEM electrolyser, builds the 200 MW Normand'Hy plant and holds a stake in Siemens Energy's electrolyser gigafactory.

    In Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels

    Very high relevance · Chemicals & gases · France, Paris · founded 1902 · 67k staff

  3. 2

    ChinaCATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology)

    World's largest lithium-ion cell maker with roughly 38% of global EV battery installations, and a leading supplier of LFP and sodium-ion cells for EVs and stationary storage; also the second-largest international patent applicant in this field.

    In Batteries & Energy Storage

    Very high relevance · Hardware & devices · China, Ningde · founded 2011 · 132k staff

  4. 3

    United StatesLockheed Martin

    Builds the US Army's 300 kW-class IFPC-HEL and the Navy's 60 kW HELIOS shipboard laser, using spectral beam combining of fiber lasers.

    In Directed Energy Technologies

    Very high relevance · Systems integration · United States, Bethesda · founded 1995 · 121k staff

  5. 4

    ChinaLONGi Green Energy Technology

    World's largest monocrystalline wafer and module maker and holder of multiple certified silicon and silicon-perovskite tandem cell efficiency records, including HIBC back-contact cells.

    In Next-Generation Solar & Renewables

    Very high relevance · Components & subsystems · China, Xi'an · founded 2000

  6. 5

    RussiaRosatom

    Integrated state nuclear corporation that designs and exports VVER-1200 reactors, builds fast reactors (BN-800, BREST-300) and RITM SMRs, and supplies a large share of world enrichment via TVEL and Tenex.

    In Advanced Nuclear & Fusion

    Very high relevance · Systems integration · Russia, Moscow · founded 2007

  7. 6

    ChinaBYD

    Second-largest battery maker worldwide; its FinDreams Battery unit makes the LFP Blade cell for its own EVs, outside automakers and energy-storage systems.

    In Batteries & Energy Storage

    Very high relevance · Hardware & devices · China, Shenzhen · founded 1995

  8. 7

    ChinaChina National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)

    Chinese state nuclear group behind the Hualong One reactor, the ACP100 Linglong One land-based SMR, the HL-3 tokamak programme and China's full fuel cycle from enrichment to reprocessing.

    In Advanced Nuclear & Fusion

    Very high relevance · Operations & infrastructure · China, Beijing · founded 1988

  9. 8

    United KingdomLinde

    A leading industrial-gas producer, it runs one of the largest hydrogen production, liquefaction and pipeline networks and builds the Dow Path2Zero and Alberta blue hydrogen plants.

    In Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels

    Very high relevance · Chemicals & gases · United Kingdom, Woking · founded 1879 · 65k staff

  10. 9

    United StatesRTX

    Its Raytheon business fielded the first operational US Army laser (DE M-SHORAD / H4 HELWS) and the Phaser and CHIMERA high-power microwave counter-drone systems, and has exported HELWS to the UAE.

    In Directed Energy Technologies

    Very high relevance · Systems integration · United States, Arlington · founded 1922 · 186k staff

  11. 10

    DenmarkVestas Wind Systems

    Largest western wind turbine maker and top international patent applicant in this capability, supplying onshore and V236-15MW offshore turbines.

    In Next-Generation Solar & Renewables

    Very high relevance · Hardware & devices · Denmark, Aarhus · founded 1898

  12. 11

    United StatesAir Products

    The world's largest merchant hydrogen supplier, it is the offtaker and partner in the 2.2 GW NEOM green hydrogen and ammonia project and operates over 100 hydrogen plants.

    In Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels

    Very high relevance · Chemicals & gases · United States, Allentown · founded 1940 · 23k staff

  13. 12

    ChinaChina General Nuclear Power Group (CGN)

    Co-developer of the Hualong One (HPR1000) design and China's largest international nuclear patent applicant, with listed arm CGN Power operating the country's biggest reactor fleet.

    In Advanced Nuclear & Fusion

    Very high relevance · Operations & infrastructure · China, Shenzhen · founded 1994

  14. 13

    ChinaJinko Solar

    Among the top-shipping module makers globally and the leading volume producer of n-type TOPCon (Tiger Neo) modules.

    In Next-Generation Solar & Renewables

    Very high relevance · Components & subsystems · China, Shanghai · founded 2006

  15. 14

    South KoreaLG Energy Solution

    Largest battery maker outside China, with plants in Korea, Poland, China and the US and the most international battery patent filings of any applicant.

    In Batteries & Energy Storage

    Very high relevance · Components & subsystems · South Korea, Seoul · founded 2020

  16. 15

    IsraelRafael Advanced Defense Systems

    Developed Iron Beam, a 100 kW-class high-energy laser air defence system that Israel declared operational in 2025, along with the lighter Lite Beam and Iron Beam M variants.

    In Directed Energy Technologies

    Very high relevance · Systems integration · Israel, Haifa · founded 1948

  17. 16

    United StatesNorthrop Grumman

    Pioneered megawatt-class chemical lasers and the Joint High Power Solid-State Laser, and supplies beam control, high-energy laser sources and the Navy's Laser Weapon System Demonstrator.

    In Directed Energy Technologies

    Very high relevance · Systems integration · United States, Falls Church · founded 1939 · 97k staff

  18. 17

    JapanPanasonic Holdings (Panasonic Energy)

    Panasonic Energy is the leading maker of cylindrical cells (2170 and 4680), Tesla's long-standing supplier, and runs gigafactories in Nevada and Kansas.

    In Batteries & Energy Storage

    Very high relevance · Components & subsystems · Japan, Kadoma, Osaka · founded 1918

  19. 18

    ChinaTrina Solar

    Top-four global module maker whose State Key Laboratory of PV Science and Technology has set dozens of cell and module efficiency records, including perovskite-silicon tandem modules.

    In Next-Generation Solar & Renewables

    Very high relevance · Components & subsystems · China, Changzhou · founded 1997

  20. 19

    United StatesWestinghouse Electric Company

    Designer of the AP1000 pressurised water reactor, the AP300 SMR and eVinci microreactor, and a leading global nuclear fuel fabricator, owned by Brookfield and Cameco.

    In Advanced Nuclear & Fusion

    Very high relevance · Professional & data services · United States, Cranberry Township, Pennsylvania · founded 1886 · 10k staff

  21. 20

    FranceEDF (incl. Framatome)

    French state utility that develops the EPR and EPR2 reactors, owns reactor and fuel supplier Framatome, and is redesigning its Nuward SMR.

    In Advanced Nuclear & Fusion

    Very high relevance · Operations & infrastructure · France, Paris · founded 1946

  22. 21

    DenmarkTopsoe

    A world leader in ammonia, methanol and renewable fuel catalysts and process licensing, it is building a solid oxide electrolyser cell (SOEC) factory in Herning.

    In Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels

    Very high relevance · Chemicals & gases · Denmark, Kongens Lyngby · founded 1940

  23. 22

    ChinaGoldwind

    China's largest and the world's top wind turbine maker by annual installations, known for permanent-magnet direct-drive and medium-speed turbines.

    In Next-Generation Solar & Renewables

    Very high relevance · Hardware & devices · China, Beijing · founded 1998

  24. 23

    FinlandNeste

    The world's largest producer of renewable diesel and sustainable aviation fuel from waste and residues, with refineries in Porvoo, Rotterdam and Singapore.

    In Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels

    Very high relevance · Chemicals & gases · Finland, Espoo · founded 1948

  25. High2 companies
  26. 24

    JapanToyota Motor

    It makes the Mirai fuel cell vehicle and sells fuel cell modules for trucks, buses and stationary power, and it is one of the top international patent filers in hydrogen fuel cell technology.

    In Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels

    High relevance · Hardware & devices · Japan, Toyota City · founded 1937 · 381k staff

  27. 25

    United StatesBoeing

    Boeing built the Airborne Laser and the CLAWS/Compact Laser Weapon System, and makes beam directors through its Boeing Directed Energy Systems unit.

    In Directed Energy Technologies

    High relevance · Systems integration · United States, Arlington · founded 1916 · 172k staff

All 234 in the Companies table →