Evidence

Research

Who discovers each critical technology: papers classified to each capability, 2020–2024, the nations their authors work in and the institutions that lead. 44 of the 47 capabilities have research data so far.

Papers by capability, 2020–2024

Each tile is one capability of the Critical Technology framework, as large as the papers classified to it; the capabilities sit together in their group. Colour it by group, or by how fast its papers grew, 2020–24 on 2015–19. Select a tile for its capability.

2,067,046 papers across 44 capabilities, all groups.

  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Semiconductors & Advanced Computing
  • Quantum Technologies
  • Robotics & Autonomous Systems
  • Energy Technologies
  • Biotechnology & Health Technologies
  • Connectivity, Cyber & Trust Technologies
  • Sensing, Timing & Navigation
  • Space Technologies
  • Advanced Materials & Manufacturing
Leaders

Nations leading the most capabilities

The nation with the largest share of each capability's papers.

  • China 33

    Machine Learning & Foundation Models · Batteries & Energy Storage · Functional Materials & Coatings · Additive & Precision Manufacturing · Advanced Robotics · Autonomous Systems & Trusted Autonomy · Superconducting, Magnetic & Photonic Materials · Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable Fuels · Privacy, Identity & Trust Technologies · Advanced Imaging & Photonic Sensing · Radar & Radiofrequency Sensing · Structural & Composite Materials · Nanomaterials & Metamaterials · AI Safety, Security & Evaluation · Next-Generation Solar & Renewables · Compound & Power Semiconductors · Quantum Communication · Advanced Optical Communication & Photonics · Uncrewed & Collaborative Systems · Acoustic & Undersea Sensing · Genomics & Biological Data · Resilient Positioning & Navigation · Advanced Nuclear & Fusion · Synthetic Biology & Genetic Engineering · Post-Quantum Cryptography · Energetic Materials · Advanced Wireless Communication · Semiconductor Design & EDA · Advanced Semiconductor Fabrication · Biomanufacturing · Advanced Chemical & Process Manufacturing · Precision Timing & Atomic Clocks · Advanced Propulsion & Hypersonic Systems

  • United States 8

    Advanced Therapeutics, Vaccines & Medical Countermeasures · Quantum Computing · Nuclear Medicine & Radioisotope Technologies · High-Performance & AI Computing · Quantum Sensing & Metrology · Satellite & Constellation Technologies · Directed Energy Technologies · Space Launch & Reusable Systems

  • India 3

    Applied AI & Advanced Analytics · Resilient & Infrastructure-Independent Networks · Protective Cybersecurity Technologies

By capability

Research in each capability

Largest first. Growth is 2020–2024 on the five years before.

CapabilityGroupPapersGrowthFirstSecondLeading institution
Machine Learning & Foundation ModelsArtificial Intelligence680k+268%China 21%United States 14%Vellore Institute of Technology University
Batteries & Energy StorageEnergy Technologies138.4k+67%China 40%United States 9%Central South University
Advanced Therapeutics, Vaccines & Medical CountermeasuresBiotechnology & Health Technologies94.7k+104%United States 21%China 7%University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Functional Materials & CoatingsAdvanced Materials & Manufacturing89.9k+26%China 33%United States 10%Harbin Institute of Technology
Additive & Precision ManufacturingAdvanced Materials & Manufacturing89.7k+114%China 18%United States 14%RWTH Aachen University
Advanced RoboticsRobotics & Autonomous Systems86.8k+47%China 28%United States 12%Harbin Institute of Technology
Autonomous Systems & Trusted AutonomyRobotics & Autonomous Systems80k+85%China 28%United States 13%Beijing Institute of Technology
Quantum ComputingQuantum Technologies63.7k+220%United States 21%China 14%University of Science and Technology of China
Superconducting, Magnetic & Photonic MaterialsAdvanced Materials & Manufacturing62.4k+30%China 20%United States 11%Chinese Academy of Sciences
Hydrogen, Ammonia & Sustainable FuelsEnergy Technologies62.2k+30%China 18%India 9%Chinese Academy of Sciences
Privacy, Identity & Trust TechnologiesConnectivity, Cyber & Trust Technologies58.4k+325%China 19%India 15%Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Advanced Imaging & Photonic SensingSensing, Timing & Navigation48.6k+19%China 34%United States 9%Harbin Institute of Technology
Radar & Radiofrequency SensingSensing, Timing & Navigation48.2k+15%China 40%United States 10%Xidian University
Applied AI & Advanced AnalyticsArtificial Intelligence45.5k+89%India 22%China 12%Vellore Institute of Technology University
Structural & Composite MaterialsAdvanced Materials & Manufacturing44k+18%China 20%India 10%Northwestern Polytechnical University
Nanomaterials & MetamaterialsAdvanced Materials & Manufacturing35.6k+16%China 32%United States 12%Harbin Institute of Technology
Nuclear Medicine & Radioisotope TechnologiesBiotechnology & Health Technologies33.4k+6%United States 21%Germany 7%Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
AI Safety, Security & EvaluationArtificial Intelligence32.2k+750%China 30%United States 22%Tsinghua University
High-Performance & AI ComputingSemiconductors & Advanced Computing31.6k+15%United States 26%China 15%National University of Defense Technology
Next-Generation Solar & RenewablesEnergy Technologies30.8k+8%China 23%India 10%National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Compound & Power SemiconductorsSemiconductors & Advanced Computing27.7k+11%China 27%United States 15%Xidian University
Quantum CommunicationQuantum Technologies23.7k+140%China 23%United States 13%University of Science and Technology of China
Advanced Optical Communication & PhotonicsConnectivity, Cyber & Trust Technologies21.7k+1%China 23%India 11%Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Uncrewed & Collaborative SystemsRobotics & Autonomous Systems16.1k+107%China 34%United States 11%Northwestern Polytechnical University
Acoustic & Undersea SensingSensing, Timing & Navigation15.9k+8%China 33%United States 18%Harbin Engineering University
Genomics & Biological DataBiotechnology & Health Technologies14.9k+20%China 20%United States 18%Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Resilient & Infrastructure-Independent NetworksConnectivity, Cyber & Trust Technologies14k−33%India 21%China 20%Harbin Engineering University
Resilient Positioning & NavigationSensing, Timing & Navigation11.2k+8%China 30%United States 10%Wuhan University
Quantum Sensing & MetrologyQuantum Technologies9.3k+104%United States 19%China 19%National Institute of Standards and Technology
Advanced Nuclear & FusionEnergy Technologies9.2k−10%China 18%United States 16%Savannah River National Laboratory
Protective Cybersecurity TechnologiesConnectivity, Cyber & Trust Technologies7.1k+105%India 18%United States 16%SRM Institute of Science and Technology
Synthetic Biology & Genetic EngineeringBiotechnology & Health Technologies6.8k+5%China 20%United States 16%Jiangnan University
Post-Quantum CryptographyQuantum Technologies5.8k+142%China 19%United States 12%State Key Laboratory of Cryptology
Energetic MaterialsAdvanced Materials & Manufacturing4.9k+18%China 44%United States 16%Nanjing University of Science and Technology
Advanced Wireless CommunicationConnectivity, Cyber & Trust Technologies3.2k−13%China 24%India 13%Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Satellite & Constellation TechnologiesSpace Technologies2.6k−12%United States 19%China 14%China Academy of Space Technology
Semiconductor Design & EDASemiconductors & Advanced Computing2.5k−0%China 24%United States 13%University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Advanced Semiconductor FabricationSemiconductors & Advanced Computing2.5k−0%China 24%United States 13%University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Directed Energy TechnologiesEnergy Technologies2.4k+18%United States 18%China 17%Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
BiomanufacturingBiotechnology & Health Technologies2.4k+42%China 14%India 12%Chinese Academy of Sciences
Advanced Chemical & Process ManufacturingAdvanced Materials & Manufacturing2.1k+18%China 19%United States 10%Tsinghua University
Precision Timing & Atomic ClocksSensing, Timing & Navigation1.9k+54%China 23%United States 18%Chinese Academy of Sciences
Space Launch & Reusable SystemsSpace Technologies1.7k−23%United States 22%China 16%Marshall Space Flight Center
Advanced Propulsion & Hypersonic SystemsSpace Technologies1.6k+22%China 24%United States 18%Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)

No research data yet: Semiconductor Equipment & Materials, Advanced Packaging & Heterogeneous Integration, Human-Machine Interfaces, new in framework v0.1.