GINC Technology
Quantum Technologies

Quantum Computing

The capacity to build and operate quantum computers, hardware platforms, error correction, and the algorithms and software that will extract advantage from them.

Capability group
Quantum Technologies
Domain
Critical Technology · Hard Power
Identifier
factbase.org/cap/TRDFGP7J2V
Reference
Quantum computing Wikipedia

Papers

63.7k

2020–2024

Paper growth

+220%

2020–24 on 2015–19

Patent families

10.8k

2020–2024

Filed abroad

42%

families in more than one office

Framework

What it covers

What the capability covers and what it leaves to others, and the indicators it will be measured by.

Bounds

Covers quantum computation as capacity; its enabling materials sit with the materials group, and its eventual cryptanalytic consequence is the threat model against which Post-Quantum Cryptography is held.

Lineage

Carried from v0.0 with the same identifier; rewritten from a definition of quantum computing to the national capacity to build, operate and use it.

Indicators

  • research publication share in quantum computingResearch
  • quantum computing patent familiesPatents
  • operational quantum processors and qubit scalePending
  • quantum startup investmentPending
Research

Who publishes it

Papers classified to the capability, by year and by the nation of their authors' institutions, 2020–2024. Read from the v0.0 research topic Quantum computing.

Papers by year

The five leading nations, papers by year

Share of papers, 2020–2024

Of papers with a known author nation; 52% have none and are left out.

  1. 1United States20.6%7,425 papers
  2. 2China13.5%4,890 papers
  3. 3Germany7.1%2,572 papers
  4. 4India5.2%1,883 papers
  5. 5Japan5.2%1,862 papers
  6. 6United Kingdom5.1%1,836 papers
  7. 7Canada3.3%1,209 papers
  8. 8Italy3.1%1,111 papers
  9. 9France2.8%1,004 papers
  10. 10Spain2.6%946 papers

Leading institutions, 2020–2024

By fractional count: each paper divided among its authors' institutions.

  1. 1University of Science and Technology of China255fractional papers
  2. 2University of Chicago186fractional papers
  3. 3Tsinghua University185fractional papers
  4. 4Delft University of Technology165fractional papers
  5. 5University of Oxford158fractional papers
  6. 6The University of Tokyo152fractional papers
  7. 7Massachusetts Institute of Technology147fractional papers
  8. 8University of Waterloo119fractional papers
  9. 9University of Maryland, College Park114fractional papers
  10. 10RWTH Aachen University112fractional papers
Patents

Who patents it

Patent families by the nation of origin of their applicants and their earliest priority year, from the CPC and IPC classes the capability is read from. 2025 onwards is incomplete: families are published 18 months after priority.

Families by priority year

The five leading origins, families by year

2,642 applicants filed here in 2015–2024; the five largest held 14% of families (HHI 67 of 10,000: unconcentrated).

Share of families by origin, 2020–2024

  1. 1China41.5%4,469 families
  2. 2United States26.0%2,798 families
  3. 3Japan8.2%880 families
  4. 4South Korea4.1%438 families
  5. 5Germany3.8%405 families
  6. 6France2.7%294 families
  7. 7United Kingdom2.4%260 families
  8. 8Canada2.0%215 families
  9. 9Finland1.5%159 families
  10. 10Israel1.1%122 families

Applicants filing most internationally, 2015–2024

Families filed in more than one office, by applicant as the offices name them.

  1. 1IBM419international families
  2. 2FUJITSU LTD273international families
  3. 3MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING LLC267international families
  4. 4GOOGLE LLC227international families
  5. 5IBM DEUTSCHLAND207international families
  6. 6IBM UK179international families
  7. 7INTEL CORP159international families
  8. 8NORTHROP GRUMMAN SYSTEMS CORP133international families
  9. 9GOOGLE INC128international families
  10. 10QUANTINUUM LLC121international families

Classification read

  • G06N10/00 Quantum computing: processors, algorithms, error correction, software · 76.3k documents
  • H10D48/383 Quantum-effect semiconductor devices, including spin qubits · 5.7k documents
  • H10N60/12 Josephson-junction devices · 9.4k documents
  • H10N69/00 Integrated superconducting circuits · 5.8k documents
  • H03K19/195 Superconducting logic circuits · 4.2k documents

Shares inventions with

Capabilities whose classes the same families also fall in, by overlap (Jaccard).

Companies

Who makes it

The companies that research, design, make, supply and operate the technology, the global leaders and the leading firms of every region.

50 companies in this capability, from 22 nations across 7 regions. Sorted by how experts see each company's global relevance in the field, from very high to very low.

  1. Very high3 companies
  2. 1

    United StatesIBM

    Operates the largest fleet of cloud-accessible superconducting quantum computers (Heron, Nighthawk processors, Quantum System Two), leads the Qiskit software stack and is the top international patent applicant in quantum computing.

    Very high relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Armonk · founded 1911 · 270k staff

  3. 2

    United StatesAlphabet (Google DeepMind)

    Google Quantum AI built the Sycamore and Willow superconducting processors and demonstrated below-threshold surface-code error correction in 2024.

    Very high relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Mountain View · founded 1998 · 183k staff

  4. 3

    United StatesQuantinuum

    Honeywell-majority-owned maker of the H-series and Helios trapped-ion quantum computers, which hold record two-qubit gate fidelities and quantum volume.

    Very high relevance · Hardware & devices · United States, Broomfield · founded 2021

  5. High12 companies
  6. 4

    United StatesIonQ (incl. ID Quantique)

    Largest listed pure-play quantum company, building trapped-ion systems (Forte, Tempo) and consolidating the sector through acquisitions including Oxford Ionics and ID Quantique.

    High relevance · Hardware & devices · United States, College Park · founded 2015

  7. 5

    United StatesMicrosoft

    Develops topological qubits (Majorana 1 chip), the Azure Quantum cloud platform and qubit-virtualisation work with Quantinuum and Atom Computing.

    High relevance · Software & platforms · United States, Redmond · founded 1975 · 228k staff

  8. 6

    United StatesPsiQuantum

    Most heavily funded quantum startup, building utility-scale photonic fault-tolerant machines with GlobalFoundries and government-backed sites in Brisbane and Chicago.

    High relevance · Hardware & devices · United States, Palo Alto · founded 2016

  9. 7

    United StatesAmazon (AWS)

    Runs the Amazon Braket quantum cloud service and the AWS Center for Quantum Computing, which unveiled the Ocelot cat-qubit error-correction chip in 2025.

    High relevance · Operations & infrastructure · United States, Seattle, Washington · founded 1994 · 1.6m staff

  10. 8

    United StatesD-Wave Quantum

    Pioneer of commercial quantum annealing (Advantage2 system, Burnaby-origin) and now also developing gate-model superconducting qubits.

    High relevance · Hardware & devices · United States, Palo Alto · founded 1999

  11. 9

    United StatesQuEra Computing

    Harvard/MIT spin-out building neutral-atom quantum computers (Aquila, Gemini) and leading logical-qubit demonstrations, with systems sold to AIST Japan and the UK NQCC.

    High relevance · Hardware & devices · United States, Boston · founded 2018

  12. 10

    FrancePasqal

    Europe's leading neutral-atom quantum computer maker, with systems deployed at GENCI/CEA, Jülich and Aramco's Dhahran data centre.

    High relevance · Hardware & devices · France, Massy · founded 2019

  13. 11

    FinlandIQM Quantum Computers

    Europe's largest superconducting quantum hardware maker by systems sold, supplying on-premise Radiance and Halocene computers to HPC centres worldwide.

    High relevance · Hardware & devices · Finland, Espoo · founded 2018

  14. 12

    ChinaOrigin Quantum

    China's leading quantum computing company, building the Wukong superconducting quantum computer, its own control systems and the Origin Pilot operating system.

    High relevance · Hardware & devices · China, Hefei · founded 2017

  15. 13

    United StatesNVIDIA

    Supplies the CUDA-Q hybrid programming platform, cuQuantum simulation libraries and NVQLink GPU-QPU interconnect used across the quantum hardware industry.

    High relevance · Design · United States, Santa Clara · founded 1993 · 36k staff

  16. 14

    IsraelQuantum Machines

    Leading supplier of quantum control electronics (OPX1000) and the QUA pulse-level language, used by many hardware groups and Israel's national quantum computer.

    High relevance · Equipment & machinery · Israel, Tel Aviv · founded 2018

  17. 15

    FinlandBluefors

    Dominant global maker of the dilution refrigerators that cool superconducting and spin-qubit processors, including IBM's KIDE platform.

    High relevance · Equipment & machinery · Finland, Helsinki · founded 2008

  18. Moderate19 companies
  19. 16

    United StatesRigetti Computing

    Designs and fabricates superconducting quantum processors in its own Fab-1 foundry and sells Ankaa/Novera systems and cloud access.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · United States, Berkeley · founded 2013

  20. 17

    United StatesAtom Computing

    Builds 1,000+-qubit neutral-atom arrays and partners with Microsoft on the Magne logical-qubit machine for Denmark.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · United States, Berkeley · founded 2018

  21. 18

    JapanFujitsu

    Built Japan's 256-qubit superconducting quantum computer with RIKEN, targets a 1,000-qubit system and is the second-largest international patent applicant in the field.

    Moderate relevance · Professional & data services · Japan, Tokyo · founded 1935 · 113k staff

  22. 19

    United StatesIntel

    Develops silicon spin-qubit chips (Tunnel Falls) made on 300mm CMOS lines plus the Horse Ridge cryogenic control chip.

    Moderate relevance · Components & subsystems · United States, Santa Clara · founded 1968 · 109k staff

  23. 20

    United StatesInfleqtion

    Neutral-atom quantum computing and quantum sensing company (formerly ColdQuanta) that listed in February 2026 via merger with Churchill Capital Corp X.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · United States, Boulder · founded 2007

  24. 21

    CanadaXanadu Quantum Technologies

    Photonic quantum computer developer (Borealis, Aurora modular system) and creator of the PennyLane quantum software library, listed in 2026 via SPAC.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · Canada, Toronto · founded 2016

  25. 22

    FranceAlice & Bob

    Develops superconducting cat qubits with built-in bit-flip protection on a roadmap to a fault-tolerant machine by 2030.

    Moderate relevance · Research & IP · France, Paris · founded 2020

  26. 23

    ChinaChina Telecom Quantum Group

    State-owned China Telecom unit operating the Tianyan quantum cloud, which offers the 504-qubit Tianyan-504 superconducting computer built with CAS and QuantumCTek.

    Moderate relevance · Operations & infrastructure · China, Hefei · founded 2023

  27. 24

    United KingdomOxford Quantum Circuits

    UK superconducting quantum computer maker (coaxmon qubits) with systems installed in commercial data centres in Reading and Tokyo.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · United Kingdom, Reading · founded 2017

  28. 25

    United KingdomRiverlane

    Leading developer of real-time quantum error-correction stacks (Deltaflow decoders) supplied to hardware makers including Rigetti, Infleqtion and OQC.

    Moderate relevance · Software & platforms · United Kingdom, Cambridge · founded 2016

  29. 26

    AustraliaSilicon Quantum Computing

    Michelle Simmons-founded firm building atom-precision phosphorus-in-silicon quantum processors, backed by the Australian government and Commonwealth Bank.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · Australia, Sydney · founded 2017

  30. 27

    AustraliaQ-CTRL

    Supplies quantum control and error-suppression software (Fire Opal, Boulder Opal) embedded in IBM, AWS and other cloud quantum platforms.

    Moderate relevance · Software & platforms · Australia, Sydney · founded 2017

  31. 28

    IsraelClassiq

    Leading quantum algorithm design and synthesis platform, used by enterprises and partnered with NVIDIA, Microsoft and AWS.

    Moderate relevance · Software & platforms · Israel, Tel Aviv · founded 2020

  32. 29

    FranceQuandela

    Builds photonic quantum computers (Lucy, Belenos) based on semiconductor quantum-dot single-photon sources, deployed at OVHcloud and EuroHPC.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · France, Massy · founded 2017

  33. 30

    NetherlandsQuantWare

    Merchant supplier of superconducting quantum processors (Soprano, Contralto, VIO-scaling architecture) to third-party system builders.

    Moderate relevance · Components & subsystems · Netherlands, Delft · founded 2020

  34. 31

    NetherlandsQblox

    QuTech spin-out making scalable qubit control and readout electronics (Cluster) used by labs and quantum hardware firms worldwide.

    Moderate relevance · Equipment & machinery · Netherlands, Delft · founded 2018

  35. 32

    SwitzerlandZurich Instruments

    Rohde & Schwarz subsidiary supplying the SHFQC+ and HDAWG quantum computing control systems widely used for superconducting and spin qubits.

    Moderate relevance · Equipment & machinery · Switzerland, Zurich · founded 2008

  36. 33

    CanadaPhotonic Inc.

    Develops networked silicon T-centre spin-photon qubits for distributed fault-tolerant quantum computing, partnered with Microsoft.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · Canada, Coquitlam · founded 2016

  37. 34

    AustriaAlpine Quantum Technologies

    University of Innsbruck spin-out selling rack-mounted trapped-ion quantum computers (IBEX, MARMOT) to HPC centres.

    Moderate relevance · Hardware & devices · Austria, Innsbruck · founded 2018

  38. Low9 companies
  39. 35

    JapanToshiba

    Develops quantum-inspired SQBM+ optimisation and double-transmon coupler superconducting qubit research; delisted in 2023 after a JIP-led buyout.

    Low relevance · Hardware & devices · Japan, Kawasaki · founded 1875 · 105k staff

  40. 36

    JapanHitachi (Hitachi-GE Nuclear Energy)

    Researches silicon spin-qubit quantum computers compatible with semiconductor manufacturing under Japan's Moonshot programme.

    Low relevance · Professional & data services · Japan, Tokyo · founded 1910 · 269k staff

  41. 37

    AustraliaDiraq

    UNSW spin-out developing silicon CMOS spin-qubit processors, demonstrated with imec foundry-made devices and selected for DARPA's QBI.

    Low relevance · Design · Australia, Sydney · founded 2022

  42. 38

    Germanyplanqc

    Max Planck spin-out building neutral-atom quantum computers for the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre and Germany's DLR quantum initiative.

    Low relevance · Hardware & devices · Germany, Garching · founded 2022

  43. 39

    SpainMultiverse Computing

    Quantum and quantum-inspired software firm (Singularity platform, tensor-network methods) serving finance, energy and industry clients.

    Low relevance · Software & platforms · Spain, San Sebastián · founded 2019

  44. 40

    United KingdomQuantum Motion

    UCL/Oxford spin-out that delivered the first full-stack silicon CMOS spin-qubit quantum computer to the UK National Quantum Computing Centre.

    Low relevance · Hardware & devices · United Kingdom, London · founded 2017

  45. 41

    ChinaSpinQ Technology

    Chinese maker of desktop NMR educational quantum computers and superconducting quantum chips and systems, exported to over 40 countries.

    Low relevance · Hardware & devices · China, Shenzhen · founded 2018

  46. 42

    RussiaRosatom

    State corporation coordinating Russia's quantum computing roadmap, which has produced 50-qubit ion and neutral-atom prototypes with the Russian Quantum Center and Lebedev Institute.

    Low relevance · Systems integration · Russia, Moscow · founded 2007

  47. 43

    CanadaNord Quantique

    Develops bosonic (GKP) error-corrected superconducting qubits and was selected for DARPA's Quantum Benchmarking Initiative.

    Low relevance · Hardware & devices · Canada, Sherbrooke · founded 2019

  48. Very low7 companies
  49. 44

    IndiaQpiAI

    Selected under India's National Quantum Mission, it launched QpiAI-Indus, India's first full-stack 25-qubit superconducting quantum computer, in 2025.

    Very low relevance · Hardware & devices · India, Bengaluru · founded 2019

  50. 45

    SingaporeHorizon Quantum

    Singapore developer of quantum programming tools (Triple Alpha IDE) operating its own quantum testbed, listed in 2026 via SPAC with dMY Squared.

    Very low relevance · Software & platforms · Singapore, Singapore · founded 2018

  51. 46

    TaiwanHon Hai Technology Group (Foxconn)

    Hon Hai Research Institute's Quantum Computing Research Center develops superconducting qubits and quantum algorithms and is Taiwan's leading corporate quantum effort.

    Very low relevance · Contract manufacturing · Taiwan, New Taipei · founded 1974

  52. 47

    United Arab EmiratesTechnology Innovation Institute

    Abu Dhabi government applied-research institute (ATRC) whose Quantum Research Center built the UAE's first superconducting quantum processor and the Qibo software framework.

    Very low relevance · Research & IP · United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi · founded 2020

  53. 48

    Saudi ArabiaSaudi Aramco

    Operates Saudi Arabia's first quantum computer, a 200-qubit Pasqal neutral-atom system installed at its Dhahran data centre in November 2025.

    Very low relevance · Chemicals & gases · Saudi Arabia, Dhahran · founded 1933 · 73k staff

  54. 49

    PolandCreotech Instruments

    Manufactures open-hardware Sinara/ARTIQ quantum control electronics used by trapped-ion and neutral-atom groups worldwide.

    Very low relevance · Hardware & devices · Poland, Piaseczno · founded 2009

  55. 50

    UruguayQuantum-South

    One of Latin America's few quantum computing firms, developing quantum optimisation software for air cargo and logistics loading.

    Very low relevance · Software & platforms · Uruguay, Montevideo · founded 2019

These companies in the Companies table →